Microbial biogeography of 925 geothermal springs in New Zealand

TLDR

Geothermal springs serve as model ecosystems for studying microbial biogeography because they are discrete, relatively homogeneous habitats that span broad geochemical gradients and multiple geographic scales with minimal metazoan interactions. The study reports the largest consolidated survey of geothermal ecosystems to identify factors shaping biogeographical patterns. Researchers measured bacterial and archaeal community composition, 46 physicochemical parameters, and metadata from 925 New Zealand springs ranging from 13.9 °C to 100.6 °C and pH < 1 to 9.7. Across these springs, diversity is chiefly governed by pH below 70 °C, temperature only matters above that threshold, and community dissimilarity increases with geographic distance driven by local niche selection; notably, Venenivibrio and Acidithiobacillus dominate in abundance and prevalence, providing unprecedented insight into geothermal microbial biogeography.

Abstract

Abstract Geothermal springs are model ecosystems to investigate microbial biogeography as they represent discrete, relatively homogenous habitats, are distributed across multiple geographical scales, span broad geochemical gradients, and have reduced metazoan interactions. Here, we report the largest known consolidated study of geothermal ecosystems to determine factors that influence biogeographical patterns. We measured bacterial and archaeal community composition, 46 physicochemical parameters, and metadata from 925 geothermal springs across New Zealand (13.9–100.6 °C and pH &lt; 1–9.7). We determined that diversity is primarily influenced by pH at temperatures &lt;70 °C; with temperature only having a significant effect for values &gt;70 °C. Further, community dissimilarity increases with geographic distance, with niche selection driving assembly at a localised scale. Surprisingly, two genera ( Venenivibrio and Acidithiobacillus ) dominated in both average relative abundance (11.2% and 11.1%, respectively) and prevalence (74.2% and 62.9%, respectively). These findings provide an unprecedented insight into ecological behaviour in geothermal springs, and a foundation to improve the characterisation of microbial biogeographical processes.