The effect of a physiological increase in temperature on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in rat myofibers

Abstract

We investigated the effect of temperature increase on mitochondrial fatty acid (FA) and carbohydrate oxidation in the slow-oxidative skeletal muscles (soleus) of rats. We measured mitochondrial respiration at 35°C and 40°C with the physiological substrates pyruvate + 4 mM malate (Pyr) and palmitoyl-CoA (PCoA) + 0.5 mM malate + 2 mM carnitine in permeabilized myofibers under nonphosphorylating (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo>˙</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>) or phosphorylating (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo>˙</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>max</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>) conditions. Mitochondrial efficiency was calculated by the respiratory control ratio (RCR = <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo>˙</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>max</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>/<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo>˙</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>). We used guanosine triphosphate (GTP), an inhibitor of uncoupling protein (UCP), to study the mechanisms responsible for alterations of mitochondrial efficiency. We measured hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production under nonphosphorylating and phosphorylating conditions at both temperatures and substrates. We studied citrate synthase (CS) and 3-hydroxyl acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (3-HAD) activities at both temperatures. Elevating the temperature from 35°C to 40°C increased PCoA-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo>˙</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> and decreased PCoA-RCR, corresponding to the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). GTP blocked the heat-induced increase of PCoA-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo>˙</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>. Rising temperature moved toward a Pyr-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo>˙</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> increase, without significance. Heat did not alter H₂O₂ production, resulting from either PCoA or Pyr oxidation. Heat induced an increase in 3-HAD but not in CS activities. In conclusion, heat induced OXPHOS uncoupling for PCoA oxidation, which was at least partially mediated by UCP and independent of oxidative stress. The classically described heat-induced glucose shift may actually be mostly due to a less efficient FA oxidation. These findings raise questions concerning the consequences of heat-induced alterations in mitochondrial efficiency of FA metabolism on thermoregulation.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Ex vivo exposure of skeletal myofibers to heat uncouples substrate oxidation from ADP phosphorylation, decreasing the efficiency of mitochondria to produce ATP. This heat effect alters fatty acids (FAs) more than carbohydrate oxidation. Alteration of FA oxidation involves uncoupling proteins without inducing oxidative stress. This alteration in lipid metabolism may underlie the preferential use of carbohydrates in the heat and could decrease aerobic endurance.