Design, synthesis, <i>in vitro</i> anticancer, antioxidant and antibacterial activity; DNA/BSA binding, photoleavage and docking studies of Cu(II) ternary metal complexes

Abstract

Three mononuclear, mixed ligand ternary Cu(II) complexes of 3-((Z)-1-(2-hydroxyphenylimino)ethyl)-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (HEHMP) viz; [Cu-(Phen) (HEHMP)] (<b>1a</b>), [Cu-(Bpy)(HEHMP)] (<b>1 b</b>) and [Cu-Bpy(NCS)(HEHMP)] (<b>1c</b>) were synthesized and characterized by data obtained from various spectral techniques. The binding affinities of these complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein were explored by absorption and fluorescence quenching titrations. The results indicated strong affinity of the title compounds to bind with both CT-DNA and BSA. The antioxidant properties of the synthesized compounds evaluated by free-radical scavenging method using spectrophotometric technique indicated their affirmative potential activity. Gel electrophoresis experiments revealed the efficacy of metal complexes in resulting the cleavage of pBR322 supercoiled DNA. <i>In vitro</i> cytotoxicity studies of these complexes evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against <i>HeLa</i> and <i>MCF-7</i> cancer cell lines indicated relatively high effectiveness of the complex <b>1c</b>. Confocal microscopy signified the potential of the complexes to induce apoptosis in <i>HeLa</i> cell lines. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the compounds carried out by disc diffusion method revealed significantly enhanced antibacterial activity in Cu (II) ternary complexes compared to the activity of ligands in unbound form signifying the implicit role of metal ion in inducing lipophilic character.