Immune PID controller based on differential evolution algorithm for heart rate regulation

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases constitute the major causes of death worldwide, especially in the developed countries. Two famous cardiac diseases are bradycardia and tachycardia, which results in shortness of breath, fainting and in sometimes death Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate less than 60 bpm. Its symptoms become clear when the rate drops below 50 bpm, while tachycardia is defined as a heart rate greater than 120 bpm There are various solutions to treat heart diseases, from the simplest, such as diet to sophisticated solutions such as heart transplantation. The fast development in technology offers a solution in between, which is more efficient than the diet, yet less risky than heart transplantation. This can be achieved by using an electronic device that observes heart functionality and compensate any disorder. In the last years, several researchers developed the control system to regulate the heartbeat like fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller which is suggested by Arunachalam et al. [4] for cardiac pacemaker based on the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method.