Shape-Tunable SrTiO₃ Crystals Revealing Facet-Dependent Optical and Photocatalytic Properties

Abstract

SrTiO3 cubes with tunable sizes of 160–290 nm have been synthesized by mixing TiCl4, SrCl2, and LiOH in pure ethanol or a water/ethanol mixed solution at just 70 °C for 3 h. Replacing water/ethanol with water/hexanol and water/ethylene glycol, and fine tuning the amounts of other reagents, resulted in the formation of edge-truncated cubes and {100}-truncated rhombic dodecahedra, respectively. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy characterization, supported by Rietveld refinement analysis, have revealed shape-dependent tuning in lattice parameters. The cubes display slight size-related optical band shifts, and they show clearly more blue-shifted light absorption than the other particles exposing significant {110} faces. The {100}-truncated rhombic dodecahedra are far more efficient than cubes at photodegradation of methylene blue and photocatalyzed hydrogen evolution from water in the presence of methanol. The photocatalytic activity variation should arise from different degrees of surface band bending for the {100} and {110} faces of SrTiO3, suggesting surface facet control as a strategy for enhancing photocatalyzed hydrogen production.