Long-range mobile signals mediate seasonal control of shoot growth

Abstract

In perennial plants, seasonal shifts provide cues that control adaptive growth patterns of the shoot apex. However, where these seasonal cues are sensed and communicated to the shoot apex remains unknown. We demonstrate that systemic signals from leaves play key roles in seasonal control of shoot growth in model tree hybrid aspen. Grafting experiments reveal that the tree ortholog of <i>Arabidopsis</i> flowering time regulator <i>FLOWERING LOCUS T</i> (<i>FT</i>) and the plant hormone gibberellic acid (GA) systemically convey seasonal cues to the shoot apex. GA (unlike <i>FT</i>) also acts locally in shoot apex, downstream of <i>FT</i> in seasonal growth control. At the shoot apex, antagonistic factors-<i>LAP1</i>, a target of <i>FT</i> and the <i>FT</i> antagonist <i>TERMINAL FLOWER 1</i> (<i>TFL1</i>)-act locally to promote and suppress seasonal growth, respectively. These data reveal seasonal changes perceived in leaves that are communicated to the shoot apex by systemic signals that, in concert with locally acting components, control adaptive growth patterns.