Crowdsourcing in medical research: concepts and applications

TLDR

Crowdsourcing transforms medical research into an open collaboration where large groups—including skilled and unskilled participants—propose and share solutions through challenges, hackathons, and other activities, enabling public contribution across all research stages. The purpose of this literature review is to examine the definition, concepts, and applications of crowdsourcing in medicine. The review defines crowdsourcing for medicine, identifies its conceptual antecedents such as collective intelligence and open‑source models, explores its implications, and examines several critiques. A growing evidence base suggests that crowdsourcing in medicine can yield high‑quality outcomes, broad community engagement, and more open science.

Abstract

Crowdsourcing shifts medical research from a closed environment to an open collaboration between the public and researchers. We define crowdsourcing as an approach to problem solving which involves an organization having a large group attempt to solve a problem or part of a problem, then sharing solutions. Crowdsourcing allows large groups of individuals to participate in medical research through innovation challenges, hackathons, and related activities. The purpose of this literature review is to examine the definition, concepts, and applications of crowdsourcing in medicine. This multi-disciplinary review defines crowdsourcing for medicine, identifies conceptual antecedents (collective intelligence and open source models), and explores implications of the approach. Several critiques of crowdsourcing are also examined. Although several crowdsourcing definitions exist, there are two essential elements: (1) having a large group of individuals, including those with skills and those without skills, propose potential solutions; (2) sharing solutions through implementation or open access materials. The public can be a central force in contributing to formative, pre-clinical, and clinical research. A growing evidence base suggests that crowdsourcing in medicine can result in high-quality outcomes, broad community engagement, and more open science.