Improving Ionic Conductivity with Bimodal-Sized Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ Fillers for Composite Polymer Electrolytes

TLDR

Ceramic‑polymer composite electrolytes (CPEs) are being explored to achieve both high ionic conductivity and mechanical flexibility. X‑ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy show that LLZO fillers of all sizes interact with the PVDF–LiClO4 matrix. The composite achieves a room‑temperature ionic conductivity of 2.6 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹—one order of magnitude higher than with single‑sized fillers—along with a lithium‑ion transference number of 0.682, low interfacial resistance, and favorable mechanical properties for solid‑state batteries.

Abstract

Ceramic-polymer composite electrolytes (CPEs) are being explored to achieve both high ionic conductivity and mechanical flexibility. Here, we show that, by incorporating 10 wt % (3 vol %) mixed-sized fillers of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) doped with Nb/Al, the room-temperature ionic conductivity of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-LiClO4-based composite can be as high as 2.6 × 10-4 S/cm, which is 1 order of magnitude higher than that with nano- or micrometer-sized LLZO particles as fillers. The CPE also shows a high lithium-ion transference number of 0.682, a stable and low Li/CPE interfacial resistance, and good mechanical properties favorable for all-solid-state lithium-ion battery applications. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman analysis demonstrate that the LLZO fillers of all sizes interact with PVDF and LiClO4. High packing density (i.e., lower porosity) and long conducting pathways are believed responsible for the excellent performance of the composite electrolyte filled with mixed-sized ionically conducting ceramic particles.