Ceria Promoted Cu-Ni/SiO₂ Catalyst for Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Vanillin

Abstract

A ceria (CeO₂) promoted Cu-Ni bimetallic catalyst supported on SiO₂ (Cu-Ni/CeO₂-SiO₂) was prepared and evaluated for catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of vanillin. Silica supported monometallic Cu and Ni catalysts and bimetallic Cu-Ni catalyst (Cu/SiO₂, Ni/SiO₂, and Cu-Ni/SiO₂), without a ceria promoter, were also synthesized and tested for the same application. The highest conversion of vanillin was achieved with the Cu-Ni/CeO₂-SiO₂ catalyst. Vanillyl alcohol was the sole product in the initial 2 h, followed by the formation of 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, which was observed. Characterization of the synthesized catalysts revealed the presence of overlapping crystalline phases of CuO, NiO, and CeO₂ on the Cu-Ni/CeO₂-SiO₂ surface. We extended our study to find out the results of using CeO₂ as the support of the Cu-Ni bimetallic catalyst (Cu-Ni/CeO₂). Partial incorporation of Cu and Ni cations into the ceria lattice took place, leading to the decrease of specific surface area and a concomitant compromise in the conversion. In the case of the Cu-Ni/CeO₂-SiO₂ catalyst, the higher conversion was accredited to the facile formation of Cu⁺ active centers by the synergistic interaction between Ce⁺⁴/Ce⁺³ and Cu⁺²/Cu⁺ redox couples and the incorporation of oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface.