1e:T52c,This review comprises the preparation, properties and heterogeneous photocatalytic applications of TiO₂ immobilized on carbon materials derived from earth-abundant, renewable and biodegradable agricultural residues and sea food waste resources. The overview provides key scientific insights into widely used TiO₂ supported on carbonaceous materials emanating from biopolymeric materials such as lignin, cellulose, cellulose acetate, bacterial cellulose, bamboo, wood, starch, chitosan and agricultural residues (biochar, charcoal, activated carbon and their magnetic forms, coal fly ash) or seafood wastes namely eggshell, clamshell and fish scales; materials that serve as a support/template for TiO₂. Heightened awareness and future inspirational developments for the valorisation of various forms of carbonaceous functional materials is the main objective. This appraisal abridges various strategies available to upgrade renewable carbon-based feedstock via the generation of sustainable TiO₂/carbon functional materials and provides remarks on their future prospects. Hopefully, this will stimulate the development of efficient and novel composite photocatalysts and engender the necessary knowledge base for further advancements in greener photocatalytic technologies.1f:T411,A series of new inorganic–organic hybrid materials based on TiO2 and new biochar-based supports (biochar obtained by pyrolysis of miscanthus straw pellets (MSP) and soft wood pellets (SWP) at 550 and 700 °C) were successfully prepared using ultrasound-assisted methodology. The resulting composites were characterized by a wide range physicochemical techniques and investigated in water and gas-phase photocatalytic test reactions. Our best composite (TiO2/SWP700) achieved phenol degradation of 64.1% (under UV light) and 33.6% (under visible light). In addition, it also showed an extraordinarily high activity (∼90%) in selective oxidation of methanol to methyl formate in flow gas phase, high selectivity to methyl formate (∼80%), and high yield of methyl formate (∼88%) after 240 min of illumination. It can be noticed that when TiO2 is supported on biochar it presented a superior photocatalytic ability and could be recycled at least 5 times in both photocatalytic runs tests with reproducible high photocatalytic efficiency.

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