An Off–On Two-Photon Carbazole-Based Fluorescent Probe: Highly Targeting and Super-Resolution Imaging of mtDNA

Abstract

Many mitochondria-related diseases are associated with the mutation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Therefore, visualizing its dynamics in live cells is essential for the understanding of the function of mtDNA transcription and translation. By employing carbazole as the framework and designing a module for DNA minor-groove binding, here we have developed a novel fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift (λ_ab = 480 nm and λ_em = 620 nm), CNQ, for mtDNA detection and visualization. It is almost nonfluorescent in PBS buffer and exhibits 182-fold enhancement in fluorescence within 20 s after the application of mtDNA in the solution, with a detection limit of 55.1 μg/L. Using dual-color Hessian-structured illumination microscopy, we have demonstrated that CNQ-labeled mtDNA structures are distinct from those labeled by TFAM-EGFP. Finally, we have used two-photon confocal scanning microscopy (λ_ex = 850 nm) to monitor the nondestructive doxorubicin-induced mtDNA damage in live cells.