Neonatal microbiome: A complex, invisible organ and its evolving role in neonatal illness and beyond

Abstract

Neonatal microbiome is a complex amalgamation of millions of organisms harboring inside and outside the body with a pivotal role in neonatal physiology and pathology. Yet it is a relatively less-discussed topic in day-to-day practice. With its origin right from the womb, it has its own genetics, weight and is responsible to maintain homeostasis. As the field of neonatology has grown exponentially over the last few decades, the understanding of neonatal microbiome has grown on par with it. With more and more evidence revealing its seminal role during the neonatal period and beyond, it is not only leaving us amazed but also cautious. How far we realize this super organ's importance in our patient cohort and what role should we play assisting this large family with millions of members to grow symbiotically and prevent posing any threat our tiny little babies need to be discussed. This article was written to make the neonatologist aware of the neonatal microbiome, how it develops right from the womb and its evolution over a period. The article also sensitizes the reader on its role in various neonatal diseases, especially necrotizing enterocolitis and what neonatologist should be doing in the intensive care unit while this is happening.