Disassembly of the fruit cell wall by the ripening-associated polygalacturonase and expansin influences tomato cracking

Abstract

Fruit cracking is an important problem in horticultural crop production. Polygalacturonase (SlPG) and expansin (SlEXP1) proteins cooperatively disassemble the polysaccharide network of tomato fruit cell walls during ripening and thereby, enable softening. A Golden 2-like (GLK2) transcription factor, SlGLK2 regulates unripe fruit chloroplast development and results in elevated soluble solids and carotenoids in ripe fruit. To determine whether SlPG, SlEXP1, or SlGLK2 influence the rate of tomato fruit cracking, the incidence of fruit epidermal cracking was compared between wild-type, Ailsa Craig (WT) and fruit with suppressed <i>SlPG</i> and <i>SlEXP1</i> expression (<i>pg/exp</i>) or expressing a truncated nonfunctional Slglk2 (<i>glk2</i>). Treating plants with exogenous ABA increases xylemic flow into fruit. Our results showed that ABA treatment of tomato plants greatly increased cracking of fruit from WT and <i>glk2</i> mutant, but not from <i>pg/exp</i> genotypes. The <i>pg/exp</i> fruit were firmer, had higher total soluble solids, denser cell walls and thicker cuticles than fruit of the other genotypes. Fruit from the ABA treated <i>pg/exp</i> fruit had cell walls with less water-soluble and more ionically and covalently-bound pectins than fruit from the other lines, demonstrating that ripening-related disassembly of the fruit cell wall, but not elimination of SlGLK2, influences cracking. Cracking incidence was significantly correlated with cell wall and wax thickness, and the content of cell wall protopectin and cellulose, but not with Ca²⁺ content.