Mimicking Dynamic Adhesiveness and Strain-Stiffening Behavior of Biological Tissues in Tough and Self-Healable Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogels

Abstract

Although self-healing gels with structural resemblance to biological tissues attract great attention in biomedical fields, it remains a dilemma for combination between fast self-healing properties and high mechanical toughness. On the basis of the design of dynamic reversible cross-links, we incorporate rigid tannic acid-coated cellulose nanocrystal (TA@CNC) motifs into the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-borax dynamic networks for the fabrication of a high toughness and rapidly self-healing nanocomposite (NC) hydrogel, together with dynamically adhesive and strain-stiffening properties that are particularly indispensable for practical applications in soft tissue substitutes. The results demonstrate that the obtained NC gels present a highly interconnected network, where flexible PVA chains wrap onto the rigid TA@CNC motifs and form the dynamic TA@CNC-PVA clusters associated by hydrogen bonds, affording the critical mechanical toughness. The synergetic interactions between borate-diol bonds and hydrogen bonds impart a typical self-healing behavior into the NC gels, allowing the dynamic cross-linked networks to undergo fast rearrangement in the time scale of seconds. Moreover, the obtained NC hydrogels not only mimic the main feature of biological tissues with the unique strain-stiffening behavior but also display unique dynamic adhesiveness to nonporous and porous substrates. It is expected that this versatile approach opens up a new prospect for the rational design of multifunctional cellulosic hydrogels with remarkable performance to expand their applications.