Complexity Theory: An Overview with Potential Applications for the Social Sciences

TLDR

Systems theory has been criticized for its disconnect from contemporary research, prompting a shift toward complexity theory to better address the growing prevalence of wicked problems in the social sciences. The paper aims to distinguish general systems theory from complexity theory and highlight the benefits of adopting complexity theory as a formal framework for the social sciences. The authors compare GST and complexity theory and outline the advantages of formally integrating complexity theory into social science research. The study shows that complexity theory offers a novel perspective and method for theorizing, enabling social science disciplines to better tackle challenges posed by technology, globalization, markets, cultural change, and other emerging complexities.

Abstract

Systems theory has been challenged in the recent literature due to its perceived disconnection from today’s research and practice demands. Moving away from the reductionist frameworks and the complicated domain predominated by known unknowns and order, a call is being made to the social sciences to begin adopting complexity theory and newer connectionist methods that better address complexity and open social systems. Scholars and scholar-practitioners will continue to find the need to apply complexity theory as wicked problems become more prevalent in the social sciences. This paper differentiates between general systems theory (GST) and complexity theory, as well as identifies advantages for the social sciences in incorporating complexity theory as a formal theory. Complexity theory is expanded upon and identified as providing a new perspective and a new method of theorizing that can be practiced by disciplines within the social sciences. These additions could better position the social sciences to address the complexity associated with advancing technology, globalization, intricate markets, cultural change, and the myriad of challenges and opportunities to come.