Portable Colorimetric Detection of Mercury(II) Based on a Non-Noble Metal Nanozyme with Tunable Activity

Abstract

The nanozyme-based strategy is currently one of the frontiers in the detection of toxic heavy metal ions. However, the utilization of noble metal free nanozymes to construct an economically and environmentally sustainable methodology remains largely unknown. Here, chitosan-functionalized molybdenum(IV) selenide nanosheets (CS-MoSe₂ NS), greenly synthesized by an ionic liquid-assisted grinding method, were exploited for the colorimetric sensing of mercury ions (Hg²⁺). The sensing principle was based on the activating effect of Hg²⁺ on CS-MoSe₂ NS nanozyme activities, triggered by the in situ reduction of chitosan-captured Hg²⁺ ions on a MoSe₂ NS surface. Using 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a colorimetric indicator, the concentrations of activator-like Hg²⁺ ions could be quantitatively and selectively monitored, reaching a limit of detection of 3.5 nM with the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. In addition, the integration system of CS-MoSe₂ NS with a smartphone achieved a portable detection limit as low as 8.4 nM Hg²⁺ within 15 min and showed high specificity and anti-interfering ability over other ions and great practicability in real water and serum samples. The eco-friendly properties of such sensing system were also confirmed. This work emphasizes the rational portable assembly of biocompatible nanozymes like CS-MoSe₂ NS for the field detection of Hg²⁺ in food, biological, and environmental samples.