Volumetric Changes of the Mid and Lower Face with Animation and the Standardization of Three-Dimensional Facial Imaging

Abstract

Subtle facial expressions may cause significant volumetric changes in the mid and lower face that can mimic the desired outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical facial rejuvenation procedures. The five-point referencing system allows one to identify subtle changes in head position and facial expression and may aid in the standardization of three-dimensional images.