Using deep neural networks on airborne laser scanning data: Results from a case study of semi‐automatic mapping of archaeological topography on Arran, Scotland

TLDR

Automated analysis of digital topographic data can unlock vast archaeological information, but without such developments this potential remains unrealized. The study aims to test the transferability of a Norwegian automated mapping approach to Arran, Scotland, as a proof of concept. The authors applied the Norwegian method to Arran, evaluating it on three monument classes: prehistoric roundhouses, medieval shieling huts, and small clearance cairns. Preliminary results show that the automated method can detect diverse monument types, but variable morphology and natural objects create false positives, suggesting that expanding confusion classes could improve detection.

Abstract

Abstract This article presents results of a case study within a project that seeks to develop heavily automated analysis of digital topographic data to extract archaeological information and to expedite large area mapping. Drawing on developments in computer vision and machine learning, this has the potential to fundamentally recast the capacity of archaeological prospection to cover large areas and deal with mass data, breaking a dependency on human resource. Without such developments, the potential of the vast amount of archaeological information embedded in large topographic and image‐based datasets cannot be realized. The purpose of the case study reported on here is to assess existing developments in a Norwegian study against digital topographic data for the island of Arran, Scotland, examining the transferability of the approach and providing a proof of concept in a Scottish context. For Arran, three monument classes were assessed – prehistoric roundhouses, shieling huts of medieval or post‐medieval date, and small clearance cairns. These present different challenges to detection, with preliminary results ranging from a manageable mix of false positives and true identifications to the chaotic. The influence of variable morphology and the occurrence of other, largely natural, objects of confusion in the landscape is discussed, highlighting the potential improvements in automated detection routines offered by adding anthropogenic and natural false positives to additional confusion classes.