Comparative Molecular Transporter Efficiency of Cyclic Peptides Containing Tryptophan and Arginine Residues

Abstract

Cyclic peptides containing tryptophan (W) and arginine (R) residues, [WR]₅, [WR]₆, [WR]₇, [WR]₈, and [WR]₉, were synthesized through Fmoc solid-phase chemistry to compare their molecular transporter efficiency. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the peptides was evaluated using human leukemia carcinoma cell line (CCRF-CEM) and normal kidney cell line (LLC-PK1). [WR]₆, [WR]₇, [WR]₈, and [WR]₉ were not significantly cytotoxic to LLC-PK1cells at a concentration of 10 μM after 3 h incubation. Among all the peptides, [WR]₉ was found to be a more efficient transporter than [WR]₅, [WR]₆, [WR]₇, and [WR]₈ in CCRF-CEM cells for delivery of a cell-impermeable fluorescence-labeled negatively charged phosphopeptide (F'-GpYEEI). [WR]₉ (10 μM) improved the cellular uptake of F'-GpYEEI (2 μM) by 20-fold. The cellular uptake of a fluorescent conjugate of [WR]₉, F'-[W₉R₈K], was increased in a concentration- and time-dependent pattern in CCRF-CEM cells. The uptake of F'-[W₉R₈K] was slightly reduced in CCRF-CEM cells in the presence of different endocytic inhibitors, such as nystatin, 5-(<i>N</i>-ethyl-<i>N</i>-isopropyl)amiloride, chlorpromazine, chloroquine, and methyl β-cyclodextrin. Furthermore, the uptake of F'-[W₉R₈K] was shown to be temperature-dependent and slightly adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent. The intracellular/cellular localization (in the nucleus and cytoplasm) of F'-[W₉R₈K] was confirmed by fluorescent microscopy in CCRF-CEM cells. These studies suggest that large cyclic peptides containing arginine and tryptophan can be used as a molecular transporter of specific compounds.