Lateral Adsorbate Interactions Inhibit HCOO⁻ while Promoting CO Selectivity for CO₂ Electrocatalysis on Silver

Abstract

Ag is a promising catalyst for the production of carbon monoxide (CO) via the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂ ER). Herein, we study the role of the formate (HCOO^- ) intermediate *OCHO, aiming to resolve the discrepancy between the theoretical understanding and experimental performance of Ag. We show that the first coupled proton-electron transfer (CPET) step in the CO pathway competes with the Volmer step for formation of *H, whereas this Volmer step is a prerequisite for the formation of *OCHO. We show that *OCHO should form readily on the Ag surface owing to solvation and favorable binding strength. In situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) experiments give preliminary evidence of the presence of O-bound bidentate species on polycrystalline Ag during CO₂ ER which we attribute to *OCHO. Lateral adsorbate interactions in the presence of *OCHO have a significant influence on the surface coverage of *H, resulting in the inhibition of HCOO^- and H₂ production and a higher selectivity towards CO.