Long-Term Outcomes of Endovascular Treatment of Indirect Carotid Cavernous Fistulae: Superior Efficacy, Safety, and Durability of Transvenous Coiling Over Other Techniques

Abstract

To treat indirect CCFs, transvenous coil embolization is the safest and most effective technique. Liquid embolics are less effective and have more complications and should be carefully considered only in extenuating circumstances.