Fenton-Reaction-Acceleratable Magnetic Nanoparticles for Ferroptosis Therapy of Orthotopic Brain Tumors

TLDR

Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and new therapies are needed to address limitations of current treatments. The study aims to enhance ferroptosis therapy by accelerating the Fenton reaction through simultaneous elevation of Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and H₂O₂ in cancer cells. The authors engineered Fe₃O₄/Gd₂O₃ hybrid nanoparticles loaded with cisplatin and functionalized with lactoferrin and RGD dimer (FeGd‑HN@Pt@LF/RGD₂) that cross the blood–brain barrier, are internalized via integrin αvβ₃, release Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and cisplatin to generate H₂O₂, thereby accelerating the Fenton reaction and producing ROS, while also enabling self‑MRI monitoring. FeGd‑HN@Pt@LF/RGD₂ nanoparticles successfully traversed the blood–brain barrier, delivered Fenton‑reaction reactants to orthotopic brain tumors, markedly inhibited tumor growth, and allowed self‑MRI monitoring of therapeutic response.

Abstract

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, but more cancer therapies are needed to complement existing regimens due to problems of existing cancer therapies. Herein, we term ferroptosis therapy (FT) as a form of cancer therapy and hypothesize that the FT efficacy can be significantly improved via accelerating the Fenton reaction by simultaneously increasing the local concentrations of all reactants (Fe2+, Fe3+, and H2O2) in cancer cells. Thus, Fenton-reaction-acceleratable magnetic nanoparticles, i.e., cisplatin (CDDP)-loaded Fe3O4/Gd2O3 hybrid nanoparticles with conjugation of lactoferrin (LF) and RGD dimer (RGD2) (FeGd-HN@Pt@LF/RGD2), were exploited in this study for FT of orthotopic brain tumors. FeGd-HN@Pt@LF/RGD2 nanoparticles were able to cross the blood–brain barrier because of its small size (6.6 nm) and LF-receptor-mediated transcytosis. FeGd-HN@Pt@LF/RGD2 can be internalized into cancer cells by integrin αvβ3-mediated endocytosis and then release Fe2+, Fe3+, and CDDP upon endosomal uptake and degradation. Fe2+ and Fe3+ can directly participate in the Fenton reaction, whereas the CDDP can indirectly produce H2O2 to further accelerate the Fenton reaction. The acceleration of Fenton reaction generates reactive oxygen species to induce cancer cell death. FeGd-HN@Pt@LF/RGD2 successfully delivered reactants involved in the Fenton reaction to the tumor site and led to significant inhibition of tumor growth. Finally, the intrinsic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) capability of the nanoparticles was used to assess and monitor tumor response to FT (self-MRI monitoring).