The controlled naringin release from TiO₂ nanotubes to regulate osteoblast differentiation

Abstract

To design titanium (Ti)-based biomaterials with controlled drug-releasing bioactive property, TiO₂ nanotubes with a diameter of approximately 110 nm was fabricated by electrochemical anodization. TiO₂ nanotubes were then loaded with naringin by direct dropping and coated with chitosan layers. The surface morphologies, chemical compositions and wettability of different substrates were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurement, respectively. The in vitro release behavior of naringin was evaluated by UV-visible-spectrophotometer. The biological properties of osteoblasts on different substrates were investigated in vitro. Our results indicate that the chitosan-coated naringin-loaded TiO₂ nanotubes enhanced osteoblast spreading, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and late-stage osteoblast mineralization. This study provides a platform to help enhance osteointegration between the bone and implant surface in clinical applications.