Temperature-Sensitive Structure Evolution of Lithium–Manganese-Rich Layered Oxides for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Cathodes of lithium-rich layered oxides for high-energy Li-ion batteries in electrically powered vehicles are attracting considerable attention by the research community. However, current research is insufficient to account for their complex reaction mechanism and application. Here, the structural evolution of lithium-manganese-rich layered oxides at different temperatures during electrochemical cycling has been investigated thoroughly, and their structural stability has been designed. The results indicated structure conversion from the two structures into a core-shell structure with a single distorted-monoclinic LiTMO₂ structure core and disordered-spinel/rock salt structure shell, along with lattice oxygen extraction and lattice densification, transition- metal migration, and aggregation on the crystal surface. The structural conversion behavior was found to be seriously temperature sensitive, accelerated with higher temperature, and can be effectively adjusted by structural design. This study clarifies the structural evolution mechanism of these lithium-rich layered oxides and opens the door to the design of similar high-energy materials with better cycle stability.