Calcium Oxalate Differentiates Human Monocytes Into Inflammatory M1 Macrophages

Abstract

In our <i>in vitro</i> experiment, human monocytes were activated by CaOx and produced inflammatory cytokines. Monocytes recognized CaOx crystals through a specific mechanism that can enhance or decrease the innate immune response to LPS. CaOx promoted M1 macrophage development. These results suggest that monocytes have an important role promoting CaOx-induced inflammation.