Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Glomus mosseae) Improves Growth, Photosynthesis and Protects Photosystem II in Leaves of Lolium perenne L. in Cadmium Contaminated Soil

Abstract

In this study, the effects of inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (<i>Glomus mosseae</i>) on the growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of <i>Lolium perenne</i> L. in cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil were investigated. The results showed that the root vigor of <i>L. perenne</i> declined, while the chlorophyll content significantly decreased with the increase of Cd content, especially the chlorophyll a content in leaves. The photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity and PSII activity of <i>L. perenne</i> leaves were also significantly inhibited by Cd stress, especially the electron transfer at the receptor side of PSII, which was more sensitive to Cd stress. The infection level of <i>G. mosseae</i> on <i>L. perenne</i> roots was relatively high and inoculation with <i>G. mosseae</i> increased the mycorrhizal infection rate of <i>L. perenne</i> roots up to 50-70%. Due to the impact of the mycorrhizal infection, the Cd content in <i>L. perenne</i> roots was significantly increased compared to non-inoculated treatment; however, the Cd content in the aboveground part of <i>L. perenne</i> was not significantly different compared to the non-inoculated treatment. After inoculation with <i>G. mosseae</i>, the root vigor of <i>L. perenne</i> increased to some extent, alleviating the chlorophyll degradation in <i>L. perenne</i> leaves under Cd contaminated soil. Infection with <i>G. mosseae</i> can improve the stoma limitation of <i>L. perenne</i> leaves in Cd contaminated soil and increase the non-stomatal factors including the tolerance of its photosynthetic apparatus to Cd, to improve photosynthetic capacity. <i>G. mosseae</i> infection can improve the photosynthetic electron transport capacity of PSII in <i>L. perenne</i> leaves under Cd stress and promotes the activity of the oxygen-evolving complex to different degrees at the donor side of PSII and the electron transport capacity from Q_A to Q_B on the receptor side of PSII. Thus, this guarantees that <i>L. perenne</i> leaves inoculated with <i>G. mosseae</i> in Cd contaminated soil have relatively higher PSII activity. Therefore, inoculation with <i>G. mosseae</i> can improve the capacity of Cd tolerance of <i>L. perenne</i> with regard to various aspects, such as morphological characteristics and photosynthetic functions, and reduce the toxicity of Cd on <i>L. perenne</i>.