Heme ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis through providing intestinal macrophages with noninflammatory profiles

Abstract

The local environment is crucial for shaping the identities of tissue-resident macrophages (Mϕs). When hemorrhage occurs in damaged tissues, hemoglobin induces differentiation of anti-inflammatory Mϕs with reparative function. Mucosal bleeding is one of the pathological features of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the heme-mediated mechanism modulating activation of intestinal innate immune cells remains poorly understood. Here, we show that heme regulates gut homeostasis through induction of Spi-C in intestinal CX₃CR1^high Mϕs. Intestinal CX₃CR1^high Mϕs highly expressed Spi-C in a heme-dependent manner, and myeloid lineage-specific <i>Spic</i>-deficient (<i>Lyz2-cre</i>; <i>Spic</i>^{<i>flox/flox</i>} ) mice showed severe intestinal inflammation with an increased number of Th17 cells during dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Spi-C down-regulated the expression of a subset of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-inducible genes in intestinal CX₃CR1^high Mϕs to prevent colitis. LPS-induced production of IL-6 and IL-1α, but not IL-10 and TNF-α, by large intestinal Mϕs from <i>Lyz2-cre</i>; <i>Spic</i>^{<i>flox/flox</i>} mice was markedly enhanced. The interaction of Spi-C with IRF5 was linked to disruption of the IRF5-NF-κB p65 complex formation, thereby abrogating recruitment of IRF5 and NF-κB p65 to the <i>Il6</i> and <i>Il1a</i> promoters. Collectively, these results demonstrate that heme-mediated Spi-C is a key molecule for the noninflammatory signature of intestinal Mϕs by suppressing the induction of a subset of TLR-inducible genes through binding to IRF5.