Recurrent pregnancy loss: A summary of international evidence-based guidelines and practice

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as two or more pregnancy losses. It affects <5% of couples. There are many proposed causes; however, in a significant proportion of cases, the cause is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to provide a summary of the aetiology, investigations and management of RPL, which is based on the three most recent international guidelines on RPL (European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, 2017; American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2012; and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2011). DISCUSSION: Management of RPL should occur in a specialised clinic. Appropriate investigations include karyotyping of parents and products of conception, two-dimensional/three-dimensional ultrasonography with sonohysterography, thyroid function tests, and antibodies and testing for acquired thrombophilias. Management options encompass some lifestyle modifications for smoking, alcohol, illicit drug use and caffeine consumption. Acquired thrombophilias should be treated with unfractionated heparin and low-dose aspirin.