Caliceal Fluid Temperature During High-Power Holmium Laser Lithotripsy in an <i>In Vivo</i> Porcine Model

Abstract

High-power holmium laser settings (40 W) can induce potentially injurious temperatures in the porcine in vivo model, particularly with slower irrigation rates. Characterization of thermal dose across a broader range of laser parameter settings is underway to map out the thermal safety envelope.