Intermolecular autocatalytic activation of serine protease zymogen factor C through an active transition state responding to lipopolysaccharide

Abstract

Horseshoe crab hemolymph coagulation is believed to be triggered by the autocatalytic activation of serine protease zymogen factor C to the active form, α-factor C, belonging to the trypsin family, through an active transition state of factor C responding to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), designated factor C*. However, the existence of factor C* is only speculative, and its proteolytic activity has not been validated. In addition, it remains unclear whether the proteolytic cleavage of the Phe⁷³⁷-Ile⁷³⁸ bond (Phe⁷³⁷ site) of factor C required for the conversion to α-factor C occurs intramolecularly or intermolecularly between the factor C molecules. Here we show that the Phe⁷³⁷ site of a catalytic Ser-deficient mutant of factor C is LPS-dependently hydrolyzed by a Phe⁷³⁷ site-uncleavable mutant, clearly indicating the existence of the active transition state of factor C without cleavage of the Phe⁷³⁷ site. Moreover, we found the following facts using several mutants of factor C: the autocatalytic cleavage of factor C occurs intermolecularly between factor C* molecules on the LPS surface; factor C* does not exhibit intrinsic chymotryptic activity against the Phe⁷³⁷ site, but it may recognize a three-dimensional structure around the cleavage site; and LPS is required not only to complete the substrate-binding site and oxyanion hole of factor C* by interacting with the N-terminal region but also to allow the Phe⁷³⁷ site to be cleaved by inducing a conformational change around the Phe⁷³⁷ site or by acting as a scaffold to induce specific protein-protein interactions between factor C* molecules.