Upgrades from a Previous Device Compared to <i>De Novo</i> Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in the European Society of Cardiology CRT Survey II

Abstract

Despite a lack of evidenced-based data, close to one quarter of all CRT implantations across 42 ESC countries were upgrades from a previous PM or ICD. Despite older age and worse symptoms, the CRT implantation procedures in upgraded patients were equally frequently successful and complications similar to de novo implantations. These results call for more studies.