Highly Stretchable and Biocompatible Strain Sensors Based on Mussel-Inspired Super-Adhesive Self-Healing Hydrogels for Human Motion Monitoring

TLDR

Integrating multifunctionality such as adhesiveness, stretchability, and self‑healing into a single hydrogel remains a challenge but is highly desired for electronic skin, wound dressings, and wearable devices. The study synthesizes a novel hydrogel by incorporating polydopamine‑coated talc nanoflakes into a polyacrylamide matrix inspired by mussel adhesive. The hydrogel is fabricated by intercalating dopamine into talc, oxidizing it to preserve catechol groups, and embedding the resulting PDA‑talc nanoflakes into a polyacrylamide network. The resulting dopamine‑talc‑PAM hydrogel shows over 1000 % stretchability with >99 % recovery, strong adhesion to skin surpassing commercial tapes, rapid self‑healing without external stimuli, excellent biocompatibility, and a gauge factor of 0.693 at 1000 % strain, enabling monitoring of human motions.

Abstract

Integrating multifunctionality such as adhesiveness, stretchability, and self-healing ability on a single hydrogel has been a challenge and is a highly desired development for various applications including electronic skin, wound dressings, and wearable devices. In this study, a novel hydrogel was synthesized by incorporating polydopamine-coated talc (PDA-talc) nanoflakes into a polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel inspired by the natural mussel adhesive mechanism. Dopamine molecules were intercalated into talc and oxidized, which enhanced the dispersion of talc and preserved catechol groups in the hydrogel. The resulting dopamine-talc-PAM (DTPAM) hydrogel showed a remarkable stretchability, with over 1000% extension and a recovery rate over 99%. It also displayed strong adhesiveness to various substrates, including human skin, and the adhesion strength surpassed that of commercial double-sided tape and glue sticks, even as the hydrogel dehydrated over time. Moreover, the DTPAM hydrogel could rapidly self-heal and regain its mechanical properties without needing any external stimuli. It showed excellent biocompatibility and improved cell affinity to human fibroblasts compared to the PAM hydrogel. When used as a strain sensor, the DTPAM hydrogel showed high sensitivity, with a gauge factor of 0.693 at 1000% strain, and was capable of monitoring various human motions such as the bending of a finger, knee, or elbow and taking a deep breath. Therefore, this hydrogel displays favorable attributes and is highly suitable for use in human-friendly biological devices.