Efficient Photosynthesis of Organics from Aqueous Bicarbonate Ions by Quantum Dots Using Visible Light

Abstract

We synthesized CuAlS2/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) composed of biocompatible, earth-abundant elements that can reduce salts of carbon dioxide under visible light. The use of an asymmetric morphology at a type-II CuAlS2/ZnS heterointerface balances multiple requirements of a photoredox agent by providing a low optical bandgap (∼1.5 eV), a large optical cross section (>10–16 cm2 above 1.8 eV), spatial proximity of both semiconductor components to the surface, as well as photochemical stability. CuAlS2/ZnS QDs thus have an unprecedented photochemical activity in terms of reducing carbon dioxide in the form of aqueous sodium bicarbonate under visible light, without the need for a cocatalyst, promoter, or sacrificial reagent while maintaining large turnover numbers in excess of 7 × 104 per QD. Devices based on these QDs exhibit energy conversion efficiencies as high as 20.2 ± 0.2%. These observations are rationalized through our spectroscopic studies that show short 550 fs electron dwell times in these structures. The high energy efficiency and the environmentally friendly composition of these materials suggest a future role in solar light harvesting.