Overview of energy storage systems in distribution networks: Placement, sizing, operation, and power quality

TLDR

ESS deployment can improve distribution network energy efficiency and performance through optimal placement, sizing, and operation, enabling peak demand fulfillment, renewable integration, power quality management, and reduced expansion costs. This paper reviews optimal ESS placement, sizing, and operation, offers recommendations on requirements, procedures, selection, charging strategies, and identifies future research on placement planning, implementation challenges, optimisation, social impacts, and energy security. The authors examine diverse grid scenarios, performance objectives, strategies, and ESS types, and provide guidance on sizing, placement, operation, and power quality considerations. Although batteries dominate ESS use, comparative analysis indicates flywheel energy storage should also be considered for certain distribution network scenarios.

Abstract

The deployment of energy storage systems (ESSs) is a significant avenue for maximising the energy efficiency of a distribution network, and overall network performance can be enhanced by their optimal placement, sizing, and operation. An optimally sized and placed ESS can facilitate peak energy demand fulfilment, enhance the benefits from the integration of renewables and distributed energy sources, aid power quality management, and reduce distribution network expansion costs. This paper provides an overview of optimal ESS placement, sizing, and operation. It considers a range of grid scenarios, targeted performance objectives, applied strategies, ESS types, and advantages and limitations of the proposed systems and approaches. While batteries are widely used as ESSs in various applications, the detailed comparative analysis of ESS technical characteristics suggests that flywheel energy storage (FES) also warrants consideration in some distribution network scenarios. This research provides recommendations for related requirements or procedures, appropriate ESS selection, smart ESS charging and discharging, ESS sizing, placement and operation, and power quality issues. Furthermore, this study identifies future research opportunities in relation to challenges for optimal ESS placement planning, development and implementation issues, optimisation techniques, social impacts, and energy security.