Photothermal-Activatable Fe₃O₄ Superparticle Nanodrug Carriers with PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Anti-metastatic Cancer Immunotherapy

Abstract

Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy has shown great potential in clinical cancer therapy, but the body's systemic immune must be fully activated and generates a positive tumor-specific immune cell response. In this work, we demonstrate the design of the immune-adjuvant nanodrug carriers on the basis of poly(ethylene glycol)- block-poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) copolymer-encapsulated Fe₃O₄ superparticles (SPs), in which imiquimod (R837), a kind of Toll-like receptor 7 agonist, is loaded. The nanodrug carriers are defined as Fe₃O₄-R837 SPs. The multitasking Fe₃O₄-R837 SPs can destroy the 4T1 breast tumor by photothermal therapy (PTT) under near-infrared laser irradiation to generate the tumor-associated antigens because of the high efficiency of tumor magnetic attraction ability and photothermal effect. The PTT also triggers the release of R837 as the adjuvant to trigger a strong antitumor immune response. By further combining with the checkpoint blockade adjusted by programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody, the Fe₃O₄-R837 SP-involved PTT cannot only eliminate the primary tumors but also prevent tumor metastasis to lungs/liver. Meanwhile, this synergistic therapy also shows abscopal effects by completely inhibiting the growth of untreated distant tumors through effectively triggering the tumors infiltrated by CD45⁺ leukocytes. Such findings suggest that Fe₃O₄-R837 SP-involved PTT can significantly potentiate the systemic therapeutic efficiency of PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy by activating both innate and adaptive immune systems in the body.