Uptake, distribution, clearance, and toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles with different sizes and coatings

TLDR

Iron oxide nanoparticles are increasingly used in biomedical applications, yet their interactions with biological systems remain incompletely understood. The study aims to systematically investigate the in vitro cell uptake, cytotoxicity, in vivo distribution, clearance, and toxicity of commercially available iron oxide nanoparticles with varying sizes and coatings. The authors performed in vitro assays on macrophages and cancer cells and in vivo biodistribution and toxicity studies in BALB/c mice to assess these properties. They found that PEI‑coated particles had higher uptake and induced severe cytotoxicity via ROS and apoptosis, while 10‑nm PEGylated particles showed higher uptake than 30‑nm ones, triggered protective autophagy, accumulated mainly in liver and spleen with slow clearance, achieved the highest tumor uptake, and exhibited no obvious toxicity in mice, underscoring the critical role of size and coating in nanoparticle applications.

Abstract

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been increasingly used in biomedical applications, but the comprehensive understanding of their interactions with biological systems is relatively limited. In this study, we systematically investigated the in vitro cell uptake, cytotoxicity, in vivo distribution, clearance and toxicity of commercially available and well-characterized IONPs with different sizes and coatings. Polyethylenimine (PEI)-coated IONPs exhibited significantly higher uptake than PEGylated ones in both macrophages and cancer cells, and caused severe cytotoxicity through multiple mechanisms such as ROS production and apoptosis. 10 nm PEGylated IONPs showed higher cellular uptake than 30 nm ones, and were slightly cytotoxic only at high concentrations. Interestingly, PEGylated IONPs but not PEI-coated IONPs were able to induce autophagy, which may play a protective role against the cytotoxicity of IONPs. Biodistribution studies demonstrated that all the IONPs tended to distribute in the liver and spleen, and the biodegradation and clearance of PEGylated IONPs in these tissues were relatively slow (>2 weeks). Among them, 10 nm PEGylated IONPs achieved the highest tumor uptake. No obvious toxicity was found for PEGylated IONPs in BALB/c mice, whereas PEI-coated IONPs exhibited dose-dependent lethal toxicity. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the size and coating properties of IONPs in their applications.