Aquatic Pseudomonads Inhibit Oomycete Plant Pathogens of Glycine max

Abstract

Seedling root rot of soybeans caused by the host-specific pathogen <i>Phytophthora sojae</i>, and a large number of <i>Pythium</i> species, is an economically important disease across the Midwest United States that negatively impacts soybean yields. Research on biocontrol strategies for crop pathogens has focused on compounds produced by microbes from soil, however, recent studies suggest that aquatic bacteria express distinct compounds that efficiently inhibit a wide range of pathogens. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that freshwater strains of pseudomonads might be producing novel antagonistic compounds that inhibit the growth of oomycetes. To test this prediction, we utilized a collection of 330 <i>Pseudomonas</i> strains isolated from soil and freshwater habitats, and determined their activity against a panel of five oomycetes: <i>Phytophthora sojae, Pythium heterothalicum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium sylvaticum</i>, and <i>Pythium ultimum</i>, all of which are pathogenic on soybeans. Among the bacterial strains, 118 exhibited antagonistic activity against at least one oomycete species, and 16 strains were inhibitory to all pathogens. Antagonistic activity toward oomycetes was significantly more common for aquatic isolates than for soil isolates. One water-derived strain, 06C 126, was predicted to express a siderophore and exhibited diverse antagonistic profiles when tested on nutrient rich and iron depleted media suggesting that more than one compound was produced that effectively inhibited oomycetes. These results support the concept that aquatic strains are an efficient source of compounds that inhibit pathogens. We outline a strategy to identify other strains that express unique compounds that may be useful biocontrol agents.