Community Development between<i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>and<i>Candida albicans</i>Mediated by InlJ and Als3

Abstract

The pleiomorphic yeast <i>Candida albicans</i> is a significant pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. In the oral cavity, <i>C. albicans</i> is an inhabitant of polymicrobial communities, and interspecies interactions promote hyphal formation and biofilm formation. <i>C. albicans</i> colonizes the subgingival area, and the frequency of colonization increases in periodontal disease. In this study, we investigated the interactions between <i>C. albicans</i> and the periodontal pathogen <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i><i>C. albicans</i> and <i>P. gingivalis</i> were found to coadhere in both the planktonic and sessile phases. Loss of the internalin-family protein InlJ abrogated adhesion of <i>P. gingivalis</i> to <i>C. albicans</i>, and recombinant InlJ protein competitively inhibited interspecies binding. A mutant of <i>C. albicans</i> deficient in expression of major hyphal protein Als3 showed diminished binding to <i>P. gingivalis</i>, and InlJ interacted with Als3 heterologously expressed in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Transcriptional profiling by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) established that 57 genes were uniquely upregulated in an InlJ-dependent manner in <i>P. gingivalis</i>-<i>C. albicans</i> communities, with overrepresentation of those corresponding to 31 gene ontology terms, including those associated with growth and division. Of potential relevance to the disease process, <i>C. albicans</i> induced upregulation of components of the type IX secretion apparatus. Collectively, these findings indicate that InlJ-Als3-dependent binding facilitates interdomain community development between <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>P. gingivalis</i> and that <i>P. gingivalis</i> has the potential for increased virulence within such communities.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Many diseases involve the concerted actions of microorganisms assembled in polymicrobial communities. Inflammatory periodontal diseases are among the most common infections of humans and result in destruction of gum tissue and, ultimately, in loss of teeth. In periodontal disease, pathogenic communities can include the fungus <i>Candida albicans</i>; however, the contribution of <i>C. albicans</i> to the synergistic virulence of the community is poorly understood. Here we characterize the interactions between <i>C. albicans</i> and the keystone bacterial pathogen <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> and show that coadhesion mediated by specific proteins results in major changes in gene expression by <i>P. gingivalis</i>, which could serve to increase pathogenic potential. The work provides significant insights into interdomain interactions that can enhance our understanding of diseases involving a multiplicity of microbial pathogens.