A defect in KCa3.1 channel activity limits the ability of CD8 ⁺ T cells from cancer patients to infiltrate an adenosine-rich microenvironment

Abstract

The limited ability of cytotoxic T cells to infiltrate solid tumors hampers immune surveillance and the efficacy of immunotherapies in cancer. Adenosine accumulates in solid tumors and inhibits tumor-specific T cells. Adenosine inhibits T cell motility through the A_2A receptor (A_2AR) and suppression of KCa3.1 channels. We conducted three-dimensional chemotaxis experiments to elucidate the effect of adenosine on the migration of peripheral blood CD8⁺ T cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. The chemotaxis of HNSCC CD8⁺ T cells was reduced in the presence of adenosine, and the effect was greater on HNSCC CD8⁺ T cells than on healthy donor (HD) CD8⁺ T cells. This response correlated with the inability of CD8⁺ T cells to infiltrate tumors. The effect of adenosine was mimicked by an A_2AR agonist and prevented by an A_2AR antagonist. We found no differences in A_2AR expression, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate abundance, or protein kinase A type 1 activity between HNSCC and HD CD8⁺ T cells. We instead detected a decrease in KCa3.1 channel activity, but not expression, in HNSCC CD8⁺ T cells. Activation of KCa3.1 channels by 1-EBIO restored the ability of HNSCC CD8⁺ T cells to chemotax in the presence of adenosine. Our data highlight the mechanism underlying the increased sensitivity of HNSCC CD8⁺ T cells to adenosine and the potential therapeutic benefit of KCa3.1 channel activators, which could increase infiltration of these T cells into tumors.