Establishment of reference values of the caudal vena cava by fast-ultrasonography through different views in healthy dogs

Abstract

The CVC_D , measured at the HV and PV in healthy awake dogs of various breeds has good inter-rater agreement suggesting these sites are reliable in measuring CVC_D . Established RVs for CVC_D for these sites need further comparison to results obtained in hypovolemic and hypervolemic dogs to determine their usefulness to evaluate volume status in dogs.