Assembly, Biochemical Characterization, Immunogenicity, Adjuvanticity, and Efficacy of <i>Shigella</i> Artificial Invaplex

Abstract

The native Invaplex (Invaplex_NAT) vaccine and adjuvant is an ion exchange-purified product derived from the water extract of virulent <i>Shigella</i> species. The key component of Invaplex_NAT is a high-molecular-mass complex (HMMC) consisting of the <i>Shigella</i> lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the invasin proteins IpaB and IpaC. To improve product purity and immunogenicity, artificial Invaplex (Invaplex_AR) was developed using recombinant IpaB and IpaC proteins and purified <i>Shigella</i> LPS to assemble an HMMC consisting of all three components. Characterization of Invaplex_AR by various methods demonstrated similar characteristics as the previously reported HMMC in Invaplex_NAT. The well-defined Invaplex_AR vaccine consistently contained greater quantities of IpaB, IpaC, and LPS than Invaplex_NAT. Invaplex_AR and Invaplex_NAT immunogenicities were compared in mouse and guinea pig dose escalation studies. In both models, immunization induced antibody responses specific for Invaplex_NAT and LPS while Invaplex_AR induced markedly higher anti-IpaB and -IpaC serum IgG and IgA endpoint titers. In the murine model, homologous protection was achieved with 10-fold less Invaplex_AR than Invaplex_NAT and mice receiving Invaplex_AR lost significantly less weight than mice receiving the same amount of Invaplex_NAT. Moreover, mice immunized with Invaplex_AR were protected from challenge with both homologous and heterologous <i>Shigella</i> serotypes. Guinea pigs receiving approximately 5-fold less Invaplex_AR compared to cohorts immunized with Invaplex_NAT were protected from ocular challenge. Furthermore, adjuvanticity previously attributed to Invaplex_NAT was retained with Invaplex_AR. The second-generation <i>Shigella</i> Invaplex vaccine, Invaplex_AR, offers significant advantages over Invaplex_NAT in reproducibility, flexible yet defined composition, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy. <b>IMPORTANCE</b><i>Shigella</i> species are bacteria that cause severe diarrheal disease worldwide, primarily in young children. Treatment of shigellosis includes oral fluids and antibiotics, but the high burden of disease, increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, and long-term health consequences clearly warrant the development of an effective vaccine. One <i>Shigella</i> vaccine under development is termed the invasin complex or Invaplex and is designed to drive an immune response to specific antigens of the bacteria in an effort to protect an individual from infection. The work presented here describes the production and evaluation of a new generation of Invaplex. The improved vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies in immunized mice and guinea pigs and protects these animals from <i>Shigella</i> infection. The next step in the product's development will be to test the safety and immune response induced in humans immunized with Invaplex.