Immunosensors Made with Layer-by-Layer Films on Chitosan/Gold Nanoparticle Matrices to Detect D-Dimer as Biomarker for Venous Thromboembolism

Abstract

Abstract We report on immunosensors to detect D-dimer, a biomarker of venous thromboembolism, which are made with layer-by-layer (LbL) films containing immobilized anti-D-dimer monoclonal antibody alternated with a layer of chitosan/gold nanoparticles (AuNpChi). Detection was due to irreversible adsorption of the antigen D-dimer on its corresponding antibody according to a Langmuir-Freundlich model, thus giving rise to ellipsoidal structures in scanning electron microscopy images whose size and number increased with D-dimer concentration. The chemical groups involved in the adsorption process were inferred from polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption (PM-IRRAS) through changes in the amide and carbonyl bands. Detection of D-dimer was made with electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The latter was the most sensitive with a detection limit of 9 × 10−4 µg/mL, sensitivity of 0.27 × 10−6 A/µgmL−1 with linear increase from 0 to 1 µg/mL. The selectivity of the immunosensor made with AuNpChi/anti-D-dimer film was verified by noting negligible changes in the cyclic voltammograms when exposed to typical interferents in biological fluids.