A Conceptual Framework Encompassing the Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinological Influences of Listening to Music in Patients With Heart Failure

Abstract

Patients with heart failure have been traditionally treated with a pharmacology-based approach, diet, exercise, and rehabilitation for reducing symptoms, hospitalizations, and mortality. We have developed a solid conceptual framework for music listening-based protocols, showing how music may have a broad range of positive effects on cardiovascular health through psychoneuroimmunoendocrinological pathways.