Scalable Synthesis of Triple‐Core–Shell Nanostructures of TiO₂@MnO₂@C for High Performance Supercapacitors Using Structure‐Guided Combustion Waves

Abstract

Core-shell nanostructures of metal oxides and carbon-based materials have emerged as outstanding electrode materials for supercapacitors and batteries. However, their synthesis requires complex procedures that incur high costs and long processing times. Herein, a new route is proposed for synthesizing triple-core-shell nanoparticles of TiO₂ @MnO₂ @C using structure-guided combustion waves (SGCWs), which originate from incomplete combustion inside chemical-fuel-wrapped nanostructures, and their application in supercapacitor electrodes. SGCWs transform TiO₂ to TiO₂ @C and TiO₂ @MnO₂ to TiO₂ @MnO₂ @C via the incompletely combusted carbonaceous fuels under an open-air atmosphere, in seconds. The synthesized carbon layers act as templates for MnO₂ shells in TiO₂ @C and organic shells of TiO₂ @MnO₂ @C. The TiO₂ @MnO₂ @C-based electrodes exhibit a greater specific capacitance (488 F g^-1 at 5 mV s^-1 ) and capacitance retention (97.4% after 10 000 cycles at 1.0 V s^-1 ), while the absence of MnO₂ and carbon shells reveals a severe degradation in the specific capacitance and capacitance retention. Because the core-TiO₂ nanoparticles and carbon shell prevent the deformation of the inner and outer sides of the MnO₂ shell, the nanostructures of the TiO₂ @MnO₂ @C are preserved despite the long-term cycling, giving the superior performance. This SGCW-driven fabrication enables the scalable synthesis of multiple-core-shell structures applicable to diverse electrochemical applications.