Critical Comparison of FAPbX₃ and MAPbX₃ (X = Br and Cl): How Do They Differ?

Abstract

Dielectric measurements on formamidinium lead halide perovskites, FAPbCl3 and FAPbBr3, compared to those of MAPbCl3 and previously reported MAPbBr3, reveal the strongly suppressed temperature dependence of dielectric constants in FA compounds in the temperature range of approximately 140–300 K. Although the behavior of dielectric constants of FA compounds for temperatures <140 K resembles that of the MAPbX3 system, the absence of any strong temperature dependence in sharp contrast to MA analogues in the higher temperature range up to room temperature suggests that the formamidinium (FA) dipoles are in a deep-frozen glassy state unlike the MA dipoles that rotate nearly freely in the temperature range relevant for any photovoltaic application. This observation is further supported by the temperature-dependent single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) results.