Unusual Na⁺ Ion Intercalation/Deintercalation in Metal-Rich Cu_1.8S for Na-Ion Batteries

Abstract

A key issue with Na-ion batteries is the development of active materials with stable electrochemical reversibility through the understanding of their sodium storage mechanisms. We report a sodium storage mechanism and properties of a new anode material, digenite Cu_1.8S, based on its crystallographic study. It is revealed that copper sulfides (Cu _xS) can have metal-rich formulas ( x ≥ 1.6), due to the unique oxidation state of +1 found in group 11 elements. These phases enable the unit cell to consist of all strong Cu-S bonds and no direct S-S bonds, which are vulnerable to external stress/strain that could result in bond cleavage as well as decomposition. Because of its structural rigidness, the Cu_1.8S shows an intercalation/deintercalation reaction mechanism even in a low potential window of 0.1-2.2 V versus Na/Na⁺ without irreversible phase transformation, which most of the metal sulfides experience through a conversion reaction mechanism. It uptakes, on average, 1.4 Na⁺ ions per unit cell (∼250 mAh g^-1) and exhibits ∼100% retention over 1000 cycles at 2C in a tuned voltage range of 0.5-2.2 V through an overall solid solution reaction with negligible phase separation.