Postsynthetic Modification of Metal–Organic Frameworks through Nitrile Oxide–Alkyne Cycloaddition

Abstract

Postsynthetic modification of metal-organic frameworks is an important method to tailor their properties. We report on the nitrile oxide-alkyne cycloaddition (NOAC) as a modification tool, a reaction requiring neither strained alkynes nor a catalyst. This is demonstrated with the reaction of nitrile oxides with PEPEP-PIZOF-15 and -19 at room temperature. PIZOF-15 and -19 are porous Zr-based MOFs (BET surface areas 1740 and 960 m² g^-1, respectively) consisting of two mutually interpenetrating UiO-type frameworks with linkers of the type ^-O₂C[PE-P(R¹,R²)-EP]CO₂^- (P, phenylene; E, ethynylene; R¹ and R², side chains at the central benzene ring with R¹ = R² = OCH₂C≡CH or R¹ = OCH₂C≡CH and R² = O(CH₂CH₂O)₃Me). Their syntheses, using benzoic acid as a modulator, and their characterization are reported herein. The propargyloxy (OCH₂C≡CH) side chains contain the ethyne moieties needed for NOAC. Formation of nitrile oxides through oxidation of oximes in aqueous ethanolic solution in the presence of PEPEP-PIZOF-15 and -19 resulted in the reaction of 96-100% of the ethyne moieties to give isoxazoles. Thereby the framework was preserved. The type of nitrile oxide RCNO was greatly varied with R being isopentyl, tolyl, 2-pyridyl, and pentafluorophenyl. A detailed NMR spectroscopic investigation showed the formation of the 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole to be clearly favored (≥96%) over that of the constitutional isomeric 3,4-disubstituted isoxazole, except for one example.