Understanding the charge transport properties of redox active metal–organic conjugated wires

Abstract

Layer-by-layer assembly of the dirhodium complex [Rh₂(O₂CCH₃)₄] (Rh₂) with linear <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>'-bidentate ligands pyrazine (L_S) or 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (L_L) on a gold substrate has developed two series of redox active molecular wires, (Rh₂L_S) _<i>n</i> @Au and (Rh₂L_L) _<i>n</i> @Au (<i>n</i> = 1-6). By controlling the number of assembling cycles, the molecular wires in the two series vary systematically in length, as characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and atomic force microscopy. The current-voltage characteristics recorded by conductive probe atomic force microscopy indicate a mechanistic transition for charge transport from voltage-driven to electrical field-driven in wires with <i>n</i> = 4, irrespective of the nature and length of the wires. Whilst weak length dependence of electrical resistance is observed for both series, (Rh₂L_L) _<i>n</i> @Au wires exhibit smaller distance attenuation factors (<i>β</i>) in both the tunneling (<i>β</i> = 0.044 Å^-1) and hopping (<i>β</i> = 0.003 Å^-1) regimes, although in (Rh₂L_S) _<i>n</i> @Au the electronic coupling between the adjacent Rh₂ centers is stronger. DFT calculations reveal that these wires have a π-conjugated molecular backbone established through π(Rh₂)-π(L) orbital interactions, and (Rh₂L_L) _<i>n</i> @Au has a smaller energy gap between the filled π*(Rh₂) and the empty π*(L) orbitals. Thus, for (Rh₂L_L) _<i>n</i> @Au, electron hopping across the bridge is facilitated by the decreased metal to ligand charge transfer gap, while in (Rh₂L_S) _<i>n</i> @Au the hopping pathway is disfavored likely due to the increased Coulomb repulsion. On this basis, we propose that the super-exchange tunneling and the underlying incoherent hopping are the dominant charge transport mechanisms for shorter (<i>n</i> ≤ 4) and longer (<i>n</i> > 4) wires, respectively, and the Rh₂L subunits in mixed-valence states alternately arranged along the wire serve as the hopping sites.