Inequities in Antenatal Care, and Individual and Environmental Determinants of Utilization at National and Sub-national Level in Pakistan: A Multilevel Analysis

Abstract

This study highlights conspicuous contextual differences which determine maternal care at national and sub-national level. It identified contextual factors which are important for planning maternal health services between and within provinces. High positive interaction for ANC utilization between women education, urban areas and larger provinces highlights the inequities which need to be addressed. It also identified factors at the community level (cluster) which relates to overall context and influence individual behavior and highlights the diminishing urban-rural gap in service utilization in Pakistan.