BaTiO3-based piezoelectrics: Fundamentals, current status, and perspectives

TLDR

This review surveys the fundamentals, current state, and future research directions of barium titanate‑based piezoelectrics. The authors discuss crystallographic, thermodynamic, and microstructural aspects, synthesis routes, phase diagrams, and property optimization strategies for BaTiO3‑based piezoelectrics. The review highlights the technological relevance of BaTiO3‑based piezoelectrics and outlines potential market indicators.

Abstract

We present a critical review that encompasses the fundamentals and state-of-the-art knowledge of barium titanate-based piezoelectrics. First, the essential crystallography, thermodynamic relations, and concepts necessary to understand piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity in barium titanate are discussed. Strategies to optimize piezoelectric properties through microstructure control and chemical modification are also introduced. Thereafter, we systematically review the synthesis, microstructure, and phase diagrams of barium titanate-based piezoelectrics and provide a detailed compilation of their functional and mechanical properties. The most salient materials treated include the (Ba,Ca)(Zr,Ti)O3, (Ba,Ca)(Sn,Ti)O3, and (Ba,Ca)(Hf,Ti)O3 solid solution systems. The technological relevance of barium titanate-based piezoelectrics is also discussed and some potential market indicators are outlined. Finally, perspectives on productive lines of future research and promising areas for the applications of these materials are presented.